Hemocytes of the carpet shell clam ( Ruditapes decussatus) and the Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum): Current knowledge and future prospects

Hemocytes are the immune effectors in clams, directing cellular but also humoral defences. In the Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) and the carpet shell clam (Ruditapes decussatus), two phenotypically similar venerid species, fishery and aquaculture importance motivated scientific studies to improve knowledge about the participation of hemocytes in immune response. Currently, gaps still persist concerning the classification of hemocyte sub-populations as well as their non-immune activities. This review summarizes current knowledge about hemocytes of the Manila clam and the carpet shell clam, suggests some probable misinterpretations arising from extrapolations from other bivalves and vertebrates, and suggests future research prospects. The susceptibility of hemocytes to environmental modifications as well as biological and chemical toxicants is also re-evaluated. Hemocytes of bivalves are not limited in function to immunity and should be considered in a wider scheme including the environment and whole-animal physiology.